Medical Books and Lectures notes - Free downloads

Objectives •    Be knowledgeable of the causes of and risk factors associated with sinusitis •    Differentiate acute from chronic sinusitis •    Evaluate patients by history, physical exam, appropriate laboratory and imaging studies, and when indicated screen patients for allergy •    Prescribe appropriate medication regimens for acute and chronic sinusitis •    Know of the relationships between upper airway (rhinosinusitis) and lower airway disease (asthma) Rhinosinusitis May be Better Term Because •    Allergic or nonallergic rhinitis nearly always precedes sinusitis •    Sinusitis without rhinitis is rare •    Nasal discharge and congestion are prominent symptoms of sinusitis •    Nasal mucosa and sinus mucosa are similar and are contiguous Development of Sinuses •    Maxillary and eth...

Carbohydrates, also known as  saccharides , are classified according to the number of single carbohydrate molecules in each chemical structure. Carbohydrate compounds having just one carbohydrate molecule are called  monosaccharides ; compounds with two carbohydrate molecules are called  dissarcharides ; and those compounds containing more than two carbohydrate molecules are named  polysaccharides . All carbohydrates either are monosaccharides or can be hydrolyzed (broken down) into two or more monosaccharides.

•    Etiology: the electrical impulse is formed in the SA node and conducted normally. •    This is the normal rhythm of the heart; other rhythms that do not conduct via the typical pathway are called arrhythmias. NSR Parameters •    Rate                60 - 100 bpm      •    Regularity            regular •    P waves            normal •    PR interval            0.12 - 0.20 s •    QRS duration        0.04 - 0.12 s Any deviation from above is sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia or an arrhythmia Arrhythmia Formation Arrhythmias can arise from problems in the: •    Sinus node •    Atrial cells ...

• Step 1: Calculate rate. • Step 2: Determine regularity. • Step 3: Assess the P waves. • Step 4: Determine PR interval. • Step 5: Determine QRS duration. Step 1: Calculate Rate • Option 1 – Count the # of R waves in a 6 second rhythm strip, then multiply by 10. – Reminder: all rhythm strips in the Modules are 6 seconds in length. Interpretation? 9 x 10 = 90 bpm • Option 2 – Find a R wave that lands on a bold line. – Count the # of large boxes to the next R wave. If the second R wave is 1 large box away the rate is 300, 2 boxes - 150, 3 boxes - 100, 4 boxes - 75, etc.   – Memorize the sequence: 300 - 150 - 100 - 75 - 60 - 50 Step 2: Determine regularity • Look at the R-R distances (using a caliper or markings on a pen or paper). • Regular (are they equidistant apart)? Occasionally irregular? Regularly irregular? Irregularly irregular? Interpretation? Regular Step 3: Assess the P waves • Are there P waves? • Do the P waves all look alike? ...

ANEMIA By Melanie Huff        There are over 400 types of Anemia. This condition will affect over half of the world’s population at some point during their lives. Anemia is defined as a reduction in the number or volume of circulating red blood cells or an alteration in hemoglobin. Technically Anemia is not a disease but only a symptom of numerous other disorders. The origin of Anemia is classified either as nutritional or non-nutritional.    Classification of Anemia   Nutritional Anemia is mainly caused by a lack of iron, vitamin B 12, or folic acid. Also a deficiency in the amount of vitamins such as B2, B6, C, A, D, E, and K can lead to nutritional anemia. Zinc, copper, calcium, and proteins are other causes of anemia. A lack of certain enzymes can also cause anemia. Often anemia is associated with scurvy which indicates low levels of folate and iron. Discoveries have been made that show vitamin C increases the absorption of iron but studies ...