HISTOLOGY - Practice Exam Question

........ 1-15.  Multiple Choice: Select the single best answer for each of the following questions or phrases.
1.     Which of the following specializations of the apical surface of epithelial cells contain microtubules?

1.   Microvilli
2.   Cilia
3.   Stereocilia
4.   Both B and C are correct

2.     The portion of the junctional complex primarily responsible for restricting the passage of molecules between adjacent epithelial cells:

1.   Zonula occludens
2.   Zonula adherens
3.   Macula adherens
4.   Hemidesmosomes

...3.     Of the four basic tissue types, the one that is characterized by large amounts of extracellular material and relatively large spaces between cells:

1.   Epithelial tissue
2.   Connective tissue
3.   Muscular tissue
4.   Nervous tissue

4.     The structures at the base of cilia that are ultrastructurally similar to centrioles and are involved in ciliary movement:

1.   Terminal web
2.   Desmosomes
3.   Basal bodies
4.   None of the above are correct

5.     The connective tissue type that is characterized by loosely arranged extracellular matrix fibers and relative abundance of cells:

1.   Loose connective tissue
2.   Dense regular connective tissue
3.   Dense irregular connective tissue
4.   Stratified squamous connective tissue

6.     Cells that are generally intrinsic (fixed) to connective tissue includes each of the following EXCEPT:

1.   Fibroblasts
2.   Macrophages
3.   Mast cells
4.   Lymphocytes

7.     The type of cartilage found in the external ear:

1.   Hyaline cartilage
2.   Elastic cartilage
3.   Fibrocartilage
4.   Osteocartilage

8.     Of the cells associated with bone, the one primarily responsible for the initial secretion and calcification of the bone matrix:

1.   Osteoprogenitor cell
2.   Osteoblast
3.   Osteoclast
4.   Osteocyte

9.     Specialized cardiac muscle cells that are involved in the conduction of the heart contraction to various parts of the myocardium:

1.   Microglial cells
2.   Purkinje cells
3.   Myoprogenitor cells
4.   Astrocytes

10.     Structures that are associated primarily with the transverse region of the intercalated discs and play an adhesive function in cardiac muscle cells:

1.   Fasciae Adherentes
2.   Gap junctions
3.   Sarcoplasmic reticulum
4.   Anchoring fibers

11.     Aggregates or groups of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are termed:

1.   Nuclei
2.   Tracts
3.   Ganglia
4.   Fibers

12.     Connective tissue associated with individual nerve fibers is termed:

1.   Endoneurium
2.   Perineurium
3.   Epinerurium
4.   White matter

13.     Initiation of skeletal muscle contraction is dependent on:

1.   Binding of sodium ions by myosin
2.   Binding of calcium by troponin
3.   Disassembly of the G-actin subunits fromF-actin
4.   Interaction of ATP with the G-actin molecule

14.     Bipolar neurons are typically found in:

1.   Dorsal root ganglia
2.   Ventral horn of the spinal cord
3.   White matter of the cerebrum
4.   Olfactory epithelium

15.     The myelin-forming cells within the central nervous system:

1.   Oligodendrocytes
2.   Astrocytes
3.   Microglia
4.   Schwann Cells

16-21.  Match the following words or phrases with the appropriate phrase or description from the list following question #21:
________ 16.  RER (granular ER)
________ 17.  Gap junctions
________ 18.  Mitochondria
________ 19.  Nucleolus
________ 20.  Microfilaments
________ 21.  Lysosomes

1.   ribosomal RNA synthesis and initial ribosome assembly
2.   Production of proteins that will primarily be secreted from the cell
3.   Function in generation of ATP
4.   Permit communication of adjacent cells
5.   Used in visualization of cell membrane structure
6.   Cytoskeletal structures composed of actin
7.   Major cytoskeletal components of cilia
8.   Contain hydrolytic enzymes and are primary digestive organelles of cell
9.   Primarily responsible for trafficking and sorting of molecules within the cell
10.   Site of production of steroids

22-25.  For each of the epithelial descriptions below, pick the appropriate epithelial type from the list following question #25.
________ 22.  Epithelial type that plays a protective function and is found lining the esophagus.
________ 23.  Epithelial type that is associated with distensible organs such as the urinary bladder.
________ 24.  Epithelial type found lining small capillaries where it modulates diffusion.
________ 25.  Epithelial type consisting of a single layer of square-shaped cells when viewed in tissue sections.

1.   Simple squamous
2.   Simple cuboidal
3.   Simple columnar
4.   Stratified cuboidal
5.   Stratified squamous
6.   Stratified columnar
7.   Pseudostratified columnar
8.   Transitional

26–28.  For each of the descriptions of endochondral bone growth below, match the appropriate zone from the list following question #28.
________ 26.  Cartilage cells undergo cell division and become organized into rows.
________ 27.  Cartilage located adjacent to the marrow cavity; chondrocytes dying.
________ 28.  Cartilage cells become enlarged; matrix is compressed into linear "bands"

1.   Zone of hypertrophy
2.   Zone of calcification
3.   Zone of proliferation
4.   Zone of resorption
5.   Twilight zone

29-31. From the list following question 31, identify which type of myofilaments would be found in the following regions of a skeletal muscle cell.
__________ 29.  I Band
__________ 30.  A Band
__________ 31.  H zone

1.   Only thin filaments
2.   Only thick filaments
3.   Thick and thin filaments

32-36.  For each of the descriptions below, select the appropriate term or phrase from the list following question #36.
________ 32.  The ability to distinguish two objects as separate and distinct.
________ 33.  A staining reagent used to visualize carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich molecules such as glycogen in tissue sections.
________ 34.  Method used to examine surface topography.
________ 35.  Method that could be used in conjunction with radioactive precursors to localize protein synthesis.
________ 36.  Staining reagent that reacts with anionic or negatively charged components of tissues such as the heterochromatin and nucleoli of the nucleus.

1.   Autoradiography
2.   Scanning electron microscopy
3.   Resolution
4.   Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
5.   Freeze fracture
6.   Basic dyes
7.   Acidic dyes
8.   Transmission electron microscopy

Multiple Choice: Select the single best answer for each of the following questions or phrases.
37.    When active, the osteoclast is found on the surface of bone in a shallow bay termed the:

1.   Osteolysis site
2.   Howship’s lacuna
3.   Canaliculus
4.   Periosteum

38.    Which of the following is not true regarding the osteon in compact bone:

1.   The central component is the Haversian Canal which contains blood vessels and nerves
2.   It is composed of concentric lamellae of mineralized material
3.   The primary cell type within the mineralized bone of the osteon is the osteoclast
4.   Blood vessels reach the osteons from the bone marrow through the Volkmann’s Canals

39.    Formation of new cartilage along the surface of preexisting cartilage is termed:

1.   Appositional growth
2.   Interstitial growth
3.   Intramembranous growth
4.   Isogenous growth

40.    Antibody-producing cells within connective tissue are termed:

1.   Mast cells
2.   Fibroblasts
3.   Plasma cells
4.   Macrophages

41.    Loose connective tissue would typically be found in which of the following locations:

1.   Perichondrium of cartilage
2.   Lamina propria of the tubular organs of the digestive system
3.   Tendons
4.   Deep layer of the dermis

42.    Which of the following is not true regarding epithelial tissues:

1.   They contain a basement membrane separating the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue
2.   Two epithelial types where all of the cells contact the basement membrane are pseudostratified and transitional
3.   Epithelial cells that contact the basement membrane contain hemidesmosomes which assist in anchoring the cells
4.   The cytoplasmic portion of the hemidesmosome is associated with intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton

43.    One difference between sympathetic (autonomic) ganglia and sensory (dorsal root) ganglia is:

1.   Neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are unipolar while those in sympathetis ganglia are multipolar
2.   Nerve fibers (axons) in the dorsal root ganglia are myelinated while those in the sympathetic ganglia are not myelinated
3.   Dorsal root ganglia have no satellite cells while sympathetic gaglia have very organized satellite cells around the neuronal cell bodies
4.   Dorsal root ganglia are located within the central nervous system while sympathetic ganglia are in the peripheral nervous system

44.    The junction between Schwann cells along an axon is termed:

1.   Schmidt-Lantermann Cleft
2.   Macula adherens
3.   Node of Ranvier
4.   Gap junction

45.    The reservoir for calcium within the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells is the:

1.   Transverse tubule
2.   Sarcomere
3.   Sarcolemma
4.   Sarcoplasmic reticulum